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The open-source movement is a broad-reaching movement of individuals who support the use of open source licenses for some or all software.. Open source software is made available for anybody to use or modify, as its source code is made available. Some open-source software is based on a share-alike principle, whereby users are free to pass on the software subject to the stipulation that any enhancements or changes are just as freely available to the public, while other open-source projects may be freely incorporated into any derivative work, open-source or proprietary.〔(The Open Source Initiative - The Open Source Definition ), Retrieved 2012-08-03〕 Open source software promotes learning and understanding through the dissemination of understanding. The main difference between open-source and traditional proprietary software is in user and property rights, the conditions of use imposed on the user by the software license, as opposed to differences in the programming code. With open source software, such as OpenOffice.org, users are granted the right to both the program's functionality and methodology.〔(Apache Foundation - Get Involved ), Retrieved on 2012-08-03.〕 With proprietary software programs, such as Microsoft Office, users only have the rights to functionality. Examples of popular open source software products include Mozilla Firefox, Google Chromium, Android and OpenOffice.org. Programmers who support the open source movement philosophy contribute to the open source community by voluntarily writing and exchanging programming code for software development.〔Wyllys, R.E. (2000). (Overview of the Open-Source Movement ). Retrieved November 22, 2009, from The University of Texas at Austin Graduate School of Library & Information Science〕 The term “open source” requires that no one can discriminate against a group in not sharing the edited code or hinder others from editing their already-edited work. This approach to software development allows anyone to obtain and modify open source code. These modifications are distributed back to the developers within the open source community of people who are working with the software. In this way, the identities of all individuals participating in code modification are disclosed and the transformation of the code is documented over time.〔Warger, T. (2002). (The Open Source Movement ). Retrieved November 22, 2009, from Education Resources Information Center〕 This method makes it difficult to establish ownership of a particular bit of code but is in keeping with the open source movement philosophy. These goals promote the production of “high quality programs” as well as “working cooperatively with other similarly minded people” to improve open source technologies.〔 == Brief history == In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two different groups were establishing the roots of the current open source software movement. On the United States eastern coast, Richard Stallman, formerly of the MIT AI lab, created the GNU project and the Free Software Foundation.〔Richard Stallman. The GNU Project. In Chris DiBona, Sam Ockman, and Mark Stone, editors, (Open Sources. Voices from the Open Source Revolution ). O'Reilly & Associates, 1999〕 The GNU project was aimed to create a free operating system, and used the GNU General Public License (GPL) as the software license to prohibit proprietization of the software, but allow redistribution and modification. On the U.S. West coast, the Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California at Berkeley was adding improvements to the original Unix operating system from AT&T, and developed many applications, which became known as "BSD Unix". These efforts were funded mainly by DARPA contracts , and a dense network of Unix hackers around the world helped to debug, maintain and improve the system.〔(A brief history of open source software ). Eu.conecta.it. Retrieved on 2011-11-30.〕 During 1991–1992, two significant events took place: *In California, Bill Jolitz completed the Net/2 distribution, until it was ready to run on i386-class machines. Net/2 was the result of the effort of the CSRG to make a version of BSD Unix free of AT&T-copyrighted code. He called his work 386BSD, and it quickly became appreciated within the BSD and Unix communities. It included not only a kernel, but also many utilities, making a complete operating system.〔 *In Finland, Linus Torvalds, a computer science student, unhappy with Tanenbaum's Minix , implemented the first versions of the Linux kernel. Soon, many people were collaborating to make that kernel more and more usable, and added many utilities to make GNU/Linux a real operating system.〔 In 1993, both GNU/Linux and 386BSD were reasonably stable platforms. Since then, 386BSD has evolved into a family of BSD-based operating systems (NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD), while the Linux kernel is used in many GNU/Linux distributions such as Slackware, Debian, Red Hat, SUSE, Mandrake, and many more.〔 The label “open source” was created and adopted by a group of people in the free software movement at a strategy session held at Palo Alto, California, in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. One of the reasoning behind using the term was that "the () of using the term open source () that the business world usually tries to keep free technologies from being installed." 〔(A Brief History of the Open-Source Movement ). Sloanreview.mit.edu (2011-11-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-30.〕 Those people who adopted the term used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to free themselves of the ideological and confrontational connotations of the term "free software". Later in February 1998, Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond founded an organization called Open Source Initiative (OSI) “as an educational, advocacy, and stewardship organization at a cusp moment in the history of that culture.”〔(History of the OSI | Open Source Initiative ). Opensource.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-30.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Open-source movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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